BABE Block Production
BABE operates on a slot-based system where time is divided into discrete epochs, each containing multiple slots. In each slot, a validator may be selected to produce a block based on a Verifiable Random Function (VRF) evaluation. The selection process ensures unpredictability and prevents manipulation.
The VRF evaluation is defined as: VRF_{sk_i}(SlotNumber || EpochRandomness) → (r_i, σ_i)
Where the validator's private key sk_i and slot-specific entropy generate a random value r_i and proof σ_i. A validator is eligible to produce a block if:
r_i < (W_i / W_total) × 2^256
where W_i represents the validator's staking power (including PoI and PoSp contributions) and W_total is the total network stake. This process completes in approximately 1 millisecond.
When a validator wins a slot, they construct a block containing the header (block number, parent hash, state root, and VRF proof), transactions (up to the block weight limit), and seal (VRF output and signature proving slot leadership). The block is immediately broadcast to the network through Substrate's gossip protocol, achieving network-wide propagation in approximately 100-200 milliseconds depending on network topology.
The Proof Behind Champions
Those who compete at the edge of human precision now back the technology that defines digital truth.
