Implementation Details
The tech stack integrates BABE+GRANDPA consensus within Substrate's framework for a hybrid PoI/PoSp model, with Patricia Tries managing state through Substrate's native storage system. PoI tasks (e.g., 100×100 matrix ops, ~10⁴ constraints) use zk-SNARKs for verification, assigned via VRF integrated with BABE's epoch randomness.
The Application Layer combines EVM pallet and native WASM runtime, with ZK wrappers enabling zk-SNARK/STARK use across both execution environments. Circom and ZoKrates streamline AI circuit design through Substrate's off-chain worker infrastructure. Cryptography balances efficiency (zk-SNARKs, ECDSA) and future-proofing (zk-STARKs, EDDSA), with Homomorphic Encryption enhancing privacy through specialized pallets.
Future Enhancements
Recursive SNARKs: Aggregate proofs to reduce costs through batch verification pallets.
Parallel Proof Generation: Minimize T_p = k × c × log c across distributed off-chain workers
Hardware Acceleration: ASICs for 50-70% energy reduction in ZKP generation.
EDDSA Adoption: Enhance performance for high-throughput AI validation through runtime upgrades.
zk-Rollups: Layer 2 scaling solution leveraging Substrate's parachain architecture to enhance EVM compatibility while maintaining privacy and security.
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