Implementation Risks Trusted Setup for zk-SNARKs
The ZKP ecosystem implements a transparent, verifiable, and robust ceremony with multiple security layers coordinated through Substrate's governance framework:
Multi-party computation (MPC) with a minimum of 20 participants from diverse jurisdictions, backgrounds, and incentive structures, including academic institutions, authoritative entities and individual contributors, managed through on-chain governance proposals
Open participation protocol with cryptographic identity verification to prevent Sybil attacks while enabling broad representation, leveraging Substrate's identity pallet for participant verification
Hardware security through specialized air-gapped devices with secure elements for parameter generation and verified random number generation
Publicly verifiable contribution transcripts enabling external auditing of each participant's input, stored permanently on-chain through custom ceremony pallets
Multi-phase approach where each participant must prove destruction of their portion of the toxic waste before the ceremony advances, enforced through on-chain state transitions
Formal verification of the ceremony code using the Coq theorem prover to mathematically guarantee correctness within Substrate's WASM runtime environment
Multi-party computation (MPC) with a minimum of 20 participants from diverse jurisdictions, backgrounds, and incentive structures, including academic institutions, authoritative entities and individual contributors, managed through on-chain governance proposals
Open participation protocol with cryptographic identity verification to prevent Sybil attacks while enabling broad representation, leveraging Substrate's identity pallet for participant verification
Hardware security through specialized air-gapped devices with secure elements for parameter generation and verified random number generation
Publicly verifiable contribution transcripts enabling external auditing of each participant's input, stored permanently on-chain through custom ceremony pallets
Multi-phase approach where each participant must prove destruction of their portion of the toxic waste before the ceremony advances, enforced through on-chain state transitions
Formal verification of the ceremony code using the Coq theorem prover to mathematically guarantee correctness within Substrate's WASM runtime environment
Note: While the security of MPC ceremonies theoretically requires only one honest participant, practical implementations face significant challenges including participant collusion, hardware vulnerabilities, and verification of toxic waste destruction. Our approach implements multiple safeguards to mitigate these risks, but acknowledges the inherent challenges of conducting secure ceremonies at scale.
The security of this approach scales with the number of honest participants (even one honest participant ensures security). The ceremony outputs and verification transcripts are permanently stored on-chain through Substrate's immutable storage system, enabling perpetual auditability.
We are developing a formal security analysis of the ceremony using a (t,n)-threshold model, where t is the minimum number of honest participants required for security. With n=20 participants, our goal is to prove that the system remains secure if t≥1 (only one honest participant needed).
To address potential collusion risks, we're exploring enhanced security measures including:
Time-locked commitments with verifiable delay functions implemented through custom Substrate pallets
Geographic distribution across multiple jurisdictions enforced through governance mechanisms
Diversified hardware requirements validated through attestation protocols
Public validation phases with incentives for detecting malicious contributions managed through the treasury pallet
Time-locked commitments with verifiable delay functions implemented through custom Substrate pallets
Geographic distribution across multiple jurisdictions enforced through governance mechanisms
Diversified hardware requirements validated through attestation protocols
Public validation phases with incentives for detecting malicious contributions managed through the treasury pallet
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